This chapter updates the dual coding theory (DCT) of the memory systems of bilingual (and multilingual) individuals. The theory is presented as a set of assumptions and hypotheses concerning the origins and the structural and functional properties of representational systems, along with examples of the empirical implications of those hypotheses. This chapter discusses dual coding theory. This study tested a dual coding approach to bilingual memory using tasks that permit one to compare the effects of bilingual en- coding with verbal-nonverbal dual encod- … The theory leads to a strong emphasis on the role of situational contexts and imagery in second language learning. The Paivio-Desrochers bilingual dual-coding model has spawned a number of empirical studies involving both European and Asian languages largely supporting the latter. In order to observe trilingual implications on Paivio's dual-coding theory, 48 undergraduate participants, half bilingual, and half trilingual, •were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. sustained on Paivio and Desrochers’ (1980) dual coding theory to describe L2 reading comprehension for the case of the bilingual learner. Results replicate and extend those of A. Paivio and W. E. Lambert (see record 1982-09020-001), demonstrating a 3.3:2.4:1 ratio of recall for images to translation equivalents to copying. These conditions were either translating or copying a list of 16 words they had to subsequently and unknowingly recall after an irrelevant anagram task. The bilingual dual-coding theory of Paivio-Desrochers (1980) represents a derivation of Paivio’s (1971) dual-coding theory expanded to bilingual learning (and, by extrapolation, to multilingualism). Specifically, we tested an assumption of the Bilingual Dual Coding Theory that conceptual representations include image representations, and that learning two languages in separate contexts can result in differences in referential images for L1 and L2. Paivio and Desrochers’ (1980) DCT model constituted an expansion of Paivio’s (1971) dual coding theory, which attempted to represent how cognitive processes worked. Later, Ss were unexpectedly tested for recall. This study examined the nature of bilinguals’ conceptual representations and the links from these representations to words in L1 and L2. It is, therefore, logical and useful to summarize the main tenets of the two models. Thus, this theory proposes that it’s possible to give it a boost.This is because it expands the study material through verbal associations and visual images. The purpose of this study was to investigate the memory processes involved in verbal learning for bilingual students. The bilingual dual-coding theory (Paivio, 1986) partially answers the above questions. Dual coding theory is a cognitive theory Allan Paivio proposed in 1971. Results support bilingual dual coding theory as proposed by Paivio and A. Desrochers (see record 1982-02758-001). In the bilingual DCT, there are now two independent verbal systems which are linked to a common imagery system. The Bilingual Dual-Coding Theory While Paivio’s [ 8 ] original theory refers to one language, Paivio—Desrochers’s [ 23 ] work extends the theory to two or more languages. Its basis is the idea that mental imaging aids learning. The results favored a bilingual version of dual-coding theory over levels-of- processing and generation-effort interpretations. It reviews the implications of the theory for some current issues in the psychology of bilingualism, including semantic memory, episodic memory, second language learning. 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